Tous droits rservs pour tous pays. Yet while these major classics have marked the social sciences, their contributions to the field of migration are few. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Under this schema, migrant characteristics provide a means to explain volume of migration, migration streams and counter-streams. It was not until the late 2000s that this approach resurfaced in a systematic manner, and the recent book by Pcoud and Guchteneire (2009) has shaken many certainties as to the immutability of the utilitarian principle. But Gary Becker (1964) was the one to explicitly formulate an inte grated investment approach in human capital theory. El enfoque en trminos de relaciones gnero ocupa igualmente un lugar importante. 14True, the systems approach is not easy to operationalize, given the wide array of factors he identified. Burda, M. (1995). The long-term consequence of immigration will be the emergence of multicultural societies, leading in turn to new concepts of citizenship and the nation state. The family plays a central role in this system. Relative deprivation and social justice. Saskia Sassen (1988*) formulates most explicitly the factors influencing immigrant labour demand. The notion of circular migration suggests that preindustrial society, characterized by a domestic mode of production, is not destroyed, since it continues to ensure the subsistence of those who stay behind, and the social security of those who have emigrated (Gregory and Pich, 1983). 13For several scholars, decisions to migrate can only be understood in a more global context. In practice, migration management involves a series of measures for more effective policing of borders, including measures to intercept migrants before they reach their destination. Regional Science, 18, 131142. Indeed, unlike immigration from Europe, migration from former colonies, designated as postcolonial, possesses specific features resulting as much from the shared experience of the colony as from the continued experience of the post-colony at destination, marked by ethnic and racial prejudice and by discrimination (Simon, 2010, p. 362). It nonetheless gives rise to a conception of international migration that ties in with globalization, even suggesting the idea of a world labour market in a globalized economy (Petras, 1981; Simmons, 2002). Vous avez t dconnect car votre compte est utilis partir d'un autre appareil. Stark and Bloom (1985*) depart from micro-economic theories by introducing the notion of family strategy which highlights the mutual interdependence between migrants and their families, and places emphasis on risk handling and risk pooling. Costs can be broken down into money and non-money costs. It is interesting to note that at around the same date, in fact a year before Burawoy, Claude Meillassoux (1975), not cited by the author, had proposed the same approach for the African context, articulating domestic and capitalist modes of production, and the separation of the two functions (reproduction and maintenance of the labour force). [5]. Theoretical justifications for the gravity model of trade have been provided by Linneman (1966), Anderson (1979) and Deardorff (1998). (1982). Pickles, A., & Rogerson, P. (1984). The Neoclassical Economic Theory, which is mainly used to describe migration between two countries, suggests that there is a correlation between the global supply and demand for labour and the reason people migrate, effectively driven by a wage gap among geographical areas (Sjaastad 1962; Todaro 1969; Jennissen 2007). Tunisian President Kais Saied has been criticised for stating that mass illegal immigration is a "criminal enterprise" directed toward changing the demographics of his country. Ghatak, S., Levine, P., & Price, S. (1996). Calvo, G. (1978). (1998). Migration is a shared topic within social sciences attracting interest from members of all sub-disciplines. The text by Zolberg, Suhrke and Aguayo (1986*) looks at refugee migration, a form of migration that was very common throughout the twentieth century and remains so today. Before deciding to leave their place of residence, individuals examine the costs and benefits of migrating. This prefigures the notion of migration networks that was to become central to migration theory from the 1980s. The text by Georges Tapinos (2000*) is an exception, and his study of irregular migration provides a useful complement to the analyses of Bimal Ghosh. Curiously, the first dimension has rarely been studied in developed countries, as if the positive effects of migration at individual level could be taken for granted. American Economic Review, 77, 531553. Beyond measurement problems, debate often focuses on the economic impact of irregular migration. The economic theory of cross-border migration is concerned with three questionswhy migrate, who migrates, and what are the consequences for source and destination countries? The most problematic aspect of these studies is of a methodological nature. The social process of international migration. Sjaastad's framework has been extended in a variety of ways . This figure represents an analytical framework which sees migration as a multifactorial and multidimensional phenomenon and which incorporates its three main ingredients: origin and destination; micro, meso, macro and global analysis levels; and economic, social and political dimensions (Piche?, 2004). American Economic Review, 59, 138148. Immigration and self-selection. These texts were chosen for their original contributions to the discipline. A life cycle approach to migration: analysis of the perspicacious peregrinator. Researchers no longer focus on the situation in immigration regions, but rather on the links between emigration and development in the emigration regions. For an overview of the state of human trafficking across the world, see Laczko and Gozdziak, 2005. 19Up to this point, the migration literature focused essentially on men. It is only after migration has begun that a variety of self-reinforcing mechanisms come into play that perpetuate and expand the migration flows over time, feeding back on community structures to promote its cumulative causation. An econometric study of international trade flows. Journal of Economic Surveys, 3, 277304. 2This article explores the development of contemporary migration theories as reflected in some twenty founding texts that have marked the field over the last fifty years. 6Without doubt, Sjaastads greatest contribution was to introduce the notion of human capital into migration theory to get around the problem of estimating returns. La relocalizacin de personas de . Journal of Political Economy, 74, 132157. In a, There is an arising consensus on the empirical importance of temporary labour migration. Does this signal a recent absence of major theoretical developments in migration studies? 22The text by Monica Boyd (1989*) is a key contribution to the literature on networks and gender, introducing the idea of networks as links between places of origin and destination that mediate between individual actors (micro) and larger structural forces (macro). [1] Before proceeding further, two points must be made clear. For a very recent and thorough review specifically of the literature on rural to urban internal migration in LDCs, see Lall, Selod, and Shalizi (2006). First, the critics agree that it is not a theory as such, but rather a conceptual framework for classifying the various factors that explain migration. But Castles and Kosacks key contribution was to highlight the hierarchical structure of employment, with immigrants often at the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder, leading to a division of the working class. She also focuses on the relationship between gender and networks in migration, stressing that the gendered division of labour must be included in any account of the social relations of production in a society. L. Sjaastad Published 1 October 1962 Economics Journal of Political Economy Migration research has dealt mainly with the forces which affect migration and how strongly they have affected it, but little has been done to determine the influence of migration as an equilibrating mechanism in a changing economy. Journal of Development Economics, 14, 251259. Journal of Political Economy, 70, 8093. Challenging the postulate of the rational actor maximizing interests under market forces, Burawoy introduced political and structural factors. Sjaastad made fundamental contributions to economics across a wide spectrum of topics including public finance, international economics and exchange rate theory. 18Burawoys approach introduces macro-structural factors into the circular migration process. There are, however, a number . But it also affects the levels of analysis, be it micro, macro or meso. This negative viewpoint was reiterated in research on migration and development, a point we will discuss in the next section. They form the pieces of a puzzle, brought together in Figure 1. Regional and urban perspectives on international migration: an overview. The first selected text is by Alan Simmons (1987*). A life-cycle empirical analysis of migration and climate, by race. Hicks, J. American Economic Review, 64, 502508. The primary labour market corresponds to professionals and skilled workers, often unionized and with real opportunities for advancement. The second direction of research, linked to the first, has spawned numerous studies on transnationalism (Vertovec, 2009). In his view, the idea that immigration reduces the economic well-being of current citizens is not a valid argument for imposing restrictions. The considerable merit of these approaches is to have added the notion of expected gains or, in the words of Sjaastad, the expected net return on investment. (2006). For Tapinos, it is employers who benefit the most. somlim "" . Migration and the option value of waiting. Neoclassical Theory of Migration One of the oldest and most commonly used theory used to explain migration is the Neoclassical theory of Migration. A sequential study of migration and job search. Unfortunately, scientific research on this type of migration is scarce. A first approach sought to explain migration patterns in terms of a system of multiple flows between origin and destination places: flows of persons, but also of goods, services and ideas. In conclusion, to the extent that the causes are international, the solutions also call for action at the international level. A first current challenges the claim to universality of statistical categories, suggesting that categories are historically determined social and political constructions (Szreter et al., 2004; Cordell, 2010). Lall, S., Selod, H., & Shalizi, Z. Journal of Development Economics, 4, 239264. The existence of networks leads to the creation of a social capital, a notion that explains why and how belonging to a network increases the probability of migrating: thanks to network resources, the costs and risks of migration diminish while the benefits increase (Palloni et al., 2001). The first two concern the primary and secondary labour markets. New York: Twentieth Century Fund. For now, governments are tending to restrict permanent migration in favour of circular and temporary migration, resulting in the emergence of new categories of non-citizens. Journal of Political Economy, 82, 10631093. Smith, A. Borjas, G. (1991). Part of Springer Nature. But in a more general perspective, certain authors see migration as a response to demand for labour. The work of Alan Simmons (1995, 2002) is an exception, establishing an explicit link between the historical development of migration patterns, their social and economic significance, and the various phases in the development of capitalism and globalization. An exception is the approach taken by Sjaastad [11] who began a tradition of treat-ing migration as an investment in human capital. Geneva: International Labour Organization. 4 . He suggests using three major dimensions to define migration: a change in residence, a shift in employment and a shift in social relations. 4). PubMedGoogle Scholar, Bodvarsson, .B., Van den Berg, H. (2013). Hatton, T., & Williamson, J. For Carens, free migration may not be immediately achievable, but it is a goal towards which we should strive. (1989). The main feature of enclaves is their high proportion of immigrant workers working for businesses belonging to other immigrants (Light, 1972). According to this formulation the decision process concerning migration may be viewed fruitfully as a comparison of the present value of benefits and costs of moving. In short, alongside the human capital so dear to neoclassical theory, network and kinship capital also exists (social capital). Roback, J. In order to understand a Giddensian theory of migration, six key concepts must be addressed and defined. The [P(1)P(2)/D] hypothesis; on the intercity movement of persons. Becker makes it clear that migration is an act of investment in ones human capital when he states The many forms of such [human capital] investments include schooling, on-the-job training, medical care, migration, and searching for information about prices and income (our italics). Jerome, H. (1926). Plutt que de sopposer, chaque approche apporte un clairage spcifique et toute explication des phnomnes migratoires doit en tenir compte, ainsi que llaboration et lvaluation des politiques migratoires. Social Indicators Research, 48, 157186. She examines the reorganization of industrial production, as reflected in the proliferation of sweatshops exploiting undocumented workers, and of industrial homework. For Tapinos, this must be multilateral management; it would be anachronistic to address immigration control exclusively in terms of sovereignty. They also stated that there is no all-encompassing theory to explain international migration. The discourse of the extreme far-right political parties emerging in many parts of the world is based, among other things, upon an anti-immigration stance, sometimes linked to Islamophobia. 1) Migration theory and the experience of a natural disaster in relation to migration Migration theories in general have focused on cost-benefit analysis (Sjaastad 1962 as presented in Speare 1974),the mover-stayer model . Frey, B., & Stutzer, A. . The emergence of migration theory and a suggested new direction. It is the interplay of these two processes that drives the circular system. ), Studies in development economics and policy. Remittances may thus be used unproductively, and making them more productive is a leitmotif of future research. Economic Inquiry, 26, 2341. w7487. The second dimension, on the other hand, has become a central issue, focusing on three questions: How does immigration affect the earnings and labour market opportunities of native residents? A second current, linked to postcolonial studies, examines the consequences of transferring the human and symbolic colonial legacy to the heart of the metropolis. The first asks the question: is the migration experience positive for migrant men and women? You might also want to visit our French Edition. This new paradigm involves replacing the concept of migration with that of mobility, the latter being the most advantageous situation for optimizing profit (Pellerin, 2011). Some observers claim that immigrants take the natives jobs, while others argue the opposite, asserting that immigrants have no impact on labour market opportunities for natives. Human capital (2nd ed.). (1998). Causes of international migration: a survey. Piche?, Renaud, Gingras, 2002; Richard, 2004). In his critique, Waldinger (1993) concludes that the notion of enclave leads to a conceptual and empirical impasse, and suggests dropping the concept and using only that of the ethnic economy. The re-emergence of guest worker programmes is currently receiving strong support, not only from international organizations such as the International Labour Organization and the International Organization for Migration, but also from scholars (Piche?, 2012). Last, he notes that the increase in migration may also be due to migration itself, given that the first waves of migrants overcome the intervening obstacles, making it easier for subsequent waves to follow in their path. A second problem is more fundamental: evaluation studies consider the short term, yet the full benefits become visible only in the medium and long term (Goldin et al., 2011). While postmodernism has never held sway in demography,[2] two research currents have exerted a certain influence in the field of migration theory. A model of labour migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries. Determinants of bilateral trade: Does gravity work in a classical world? For Krissman, networks include many other stakeholders who serve as intermediaries, either at national borders, or in the regions of destination. Yap, L. (1977). 34One of the conceptual weaknesses of research on migrant economic integration, in both developed and developing countries, is to consider the labour market as unique. 1. (1986). Sjaastad argued that a person migrates . ), Research in labor economics. NBER Working Paper No. Todaro, M. (1976). The secondary sector, on the other hand, is the reverse image of the primary sector, and is characterized by low wages, menial and insecure jobs, and low levels of unionization. He highlights the diversity of approaches applied to understanding migration: countries of origin or destination; micro, meso and macro levels; individual behaviours, networks, migration policies. The second current concerns the effects of immigration on national identities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 31Transnationalism often conveys a positive image of migration, and this image has been embraced and disseminated by international organizations including the World Bank, the International Organization for Migration, and the various instances of the United Nations. Most researchers acknowledge that final conclusions cannot be drawn using existing techniques of analysis. Human migration: Theory, models and empirical studies. Journal of Population Economics, 1, 5770. Migration is an act of human capital investment. In G. DeJong & R. Gardner (Eds. (2005). 5One of the very first explanatory approaches to both internal and international migration focused on individual decision-making. At the same time, cash needs oblige some family members to emigrate to those places where labour markets are associated with a market economy. In 2011, for example, remittances to developing countries totalled USD 372 billion, an increase of 12.1% with respect to 2010, and with an annual growth rate of 7-8%, the total could reach USD 467 billion by 2014 (Ratha and Silwal, 2012). Journal of Economic Literature, 13, 397433. In: J. Frankel (Ed. Based on the work of Sjaastad (1962) migration is treated as an individual investment decision to increase the productivity of human capital, thus again focusing on the labour market, but at the same time explaining the selectivity of heterogeneous migrants. Amsterdam: North-Holland. Hugo, G. (1981). Ils sont lorigine davances significatives dans lexplication des migrations, leurs causes et leurs effets. 19952002. In his view, the constitution of new minorities with distinct cultures, identities and institutions, is an irreversible process, which questions existing notions of national identity and citizenship. Labor migration and risk aversion in less-developed countries. For Castles, multicultural models appear to offer the best solution, but there are substantial obstacles to their realization. On voit ainsi se dvelopper des thories qui, privilgiant dabord des approches micro-individuelles centres sur lanalyse cot-bnfice, vont peu peu intgrer les facteurs macro-structurels. On migration and risk in LDCs. Roback, J. Bauer, T., & Zimmerman, K. (1998). Looking, for example, at the book edited by Alejandro Portes and Josh DeWind in 2007, or that of Corrado Bonifazi, Marek Okolski, Jeannette Schoorl and Patrick Simon in 2008, we see that the topics covered are not fundamentally different from those discussed in the founding texts. Borjas also shows that if the arrival of new immigrants on the labour market does have an adverse effect, it is on the pre-existing immigrant population, and on the least skilled native workers. Morokvasics paper examines the diverse trajectories of female migrants across the world and illustrates the many cases of female labour exploitation. In G. Borjas & J. 9While Lees model is mentioned in literature reviews on migration theories, it has been widely criticized. 42Castles addresses the question of racism in Europe and the danger that this European consciousness will be constructed in exclusionary and discriminatory terms, based upon the perceived threat of being swamped by desperate masses from the south. nomic content of the theory of migration proposed by Larry Sjaastad. At the outset, the creation of markets in developing regions progressively disrupts traditional patterns of social and economic organization and generates conditions conducive to migration. . In short, for several authors, womens marginal position on the labour market is a reflection of family choices which perpetuate gender inequalities (Tienda and Booth, 1991). Il est interdit, sauf accord pralable et crit de lditeur, de reproduire (notamment par photocopie) partiellement ou totalement le prsent article, de le stocker dans une banque de donnes ou de le communiquer au public sous quelque forme et de quelque manire que ce soit. 15As mentioned earlier, a characteristic inherent to the systemic approach is that of circular migration, a notion theorized by Burawoy (1976*). What matters here, is to introduce the question of rights as an integral component of migration policy (Pich, 2009). These are precursors of the research questions that were set to dominate the scientific literature on international migration in the context of globalization. Agency, Structure, the Duality of Structure, Institutions, the PICH Victor, Les thories migratoires contemporaines au prisme des textes fondateurs. First, political factors have been studied mainly in cases of refugee movements; second, the effect of migration on diversity, in terms of the relations between minorities and majorities, is a key political issue at the heart of the identity debate. 24This approach centred on networks and social capital as positive factors has been criticized, by Krissman (2005) among others. The central notion of his theory is based on the principle of geographical separation of the processes of labour force renewal (reproduction) from those of maintenance. What can economists learn from happiness research? An interpretation of the effects of age on migration: Nordic migrants choice of settlement in Sweden. First, by founding texts, we refer to the landmark articles or book chapters that have shaped the progress of migration studies. 17Test3Part4 Bird Migration Theory 1718 39The authors also discuss refuge migration in the global context, with its enormous asymmetries in terms of power and wealth across different regions of the world. Journal of Economic Literature, 40, 402435. Research on this question remains overly ideological, and does not focus adequately on practical analysis of the living conditions of migrants and their families. Among the factors influencing the migration decision, Lee mentions personal contacts and sources of information about the situation at destination. Emigration pressures are primarily the result of increasing inequalities between countries which, in turn, are the result of factors internal to less developed countries and their relations with developed countries. Urban unemployment and wage determination in LDCs: Trade Unions in the Harris-Todaro Model. 12Zelinskis approach is most commonly criticized for its evolutionist outlook, based on the theory of modernization. 25As mentioned earlier, the field of migration remains fragmented, with some theories explaining the reasons for migration and others explaining its effects. Migration and business cycles. First, practically all studies of the factors of economic integration suggest that discrimination is an important factor in the difficulties encountered by certain immigrant groups, notably the so-called visible minorities, to use the terminology in vogue in North America (e.g. Internal migration in developed countries. This approach inspired several later studies on both internal and international African migration (Gregory and Piche?, 1985). 40These ideas have not been widely developed since the work of Zolberg, Suhrke and Ahuayo in the 1980s. Blanchflower, D., & Oswald, A. The neoclassical approachwhich aligns with Sjaastad's theory of migration between urban and rural areasis criticized by Kurekova, who states that it has "mechanically reduced migration . Research on the effects of migration is in turn fragmented, between macro and micro approaches, and between the contexts of developed and developing countries. On reanalyzing the Harris-Todaro model: Policy rankings in the case of sector-specific sticky wages. Wage distribution and spatial preferences in competitive job search and migration. (1962). Department Economics, St. Journal of Political Economy, 64, 416425. Urban unemployment, intersectoral capital mobility and development policy. This project will incorporate these three areas of research to show the relationship between natural disaster and community integration as related to migration intentions. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. 29The authors mention that seasonal migrants may start sending remittances quite soon after arrival, and this idea has been taken up by several authors, including Portes (2009) who, in his research overview, concludes that temporary migration is the form of migration with the greatest positive effects. Borjas, G. (1987). Journal of Urban Economics, 6, 135147. This critical approach has been applied to question the official categories produced by censuses, notably racial and ethnic categories (Nobles, 2000; Simon and Piche?, 2012). ), Regionalization of the world economy. The determinants of interregional and international migration is a topic which has received considerable attention from economists. Relative deprivation and international migration. Cloud State University, St. The precise effects of these cash transfers on the rural economy is difficult to determine ex-ante. Corden, W., & Findlay, R. (1975). 49It is the fear of huge waves of illegal immigration that shapes some areas of current political discourse and that serves to justify restrictive measures. makalesinde Evere Lee, . It is in this second sector that many immigrants find employment. Lancaster, K. (1966). The numerous reports on human trafficking testify to the existence of vast smuggling networks, often linked to criminal organizations (Skeldon, 2002; Blanger, forthcoming). His analytical framework sought to identify all the elements liable to influence migration, ranging from the economic environment to technology, the social environment and political factors. For a sampling of important early papers using the equilibrium perspective, see Roback (1982, 1988), Graves (1979, 1983), Greenwood (1997), Green, Deller, and Marcouiller (2006) and Glaeser and Shapiro (2003). Burawoys original contribution is double: he first extended the circulation model to cover all forms of circular migration (international especially), then illustrated his hypothesis via a comparison between Mexico-United States and South Africa. Neoclassical Theory of Migration One of the oldest and most commonly used theory used to explain migration is the Neoclassical theory of Migration. Graves, P. (1983). For Sjaastad, it is particularly useful to employ the human capital concept and to view migration, training, and experience as investments in the human agent. Bonifazi C., Oko?lsci M., Schoorl J., Simon P, Massey D., Arango J., Hugo G., Kouaouci A, Pellegrino A., Taylor J. E, Palloni A., Ceballos M., Espinosa K., Spittel M. This is the latest publication of the author on cairn. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in 46Without going as far as to advocate free movement, which he judges impracticable, Bimal Ghosh (2000*) was among the first to develop a systematic global approach to the migration question. In addition to the migration work, Larry has made lasting research contributions in several other areas, most importantly public finance and international economics. In short, they show that the dynamics leading to the inception of social conflicts are not purely internal, but transnational, and that as conflicts develop, they tend to be further internationalized. Mincer, J. Throughout history, each society has developed demographic reproduction strategies by combining the reproductive mechanisms of fertility, mortality and migration. Latest publication on cairn or another partner portal. The 20 texts brought together in the collective work published by INED are identified in the text and the bibliography by an asterisk (*). Northampton, MA: Elgar. Shields, G., & Shields, M. (1989). Ghoshs main thesis is that migration is getting out of control, and that the magnitude of irregular migration across the world reflects the inadequacies of the present migration system. In C. Gorter, P. Nijkamp, & J. Poot (Eds. (2003). Many cases of female migrants across the world, see Laczko and Gozdziak, 2005 Carens free... Of all sub-disciplines, with some theories explaining the reasons for migration and urban perspectives on international migration.B. Van. Immigrant labour demand of female labour exploitation several scholars, decisions to can... Analysis of the research questions that were set to dominate the scientific literature on international migration on... Situation in immigration regions, but rather on the rural Economy is difficult determine., debate often focuses on the intercity movement of persons the family plays central. Direction of research, linked to the discipline migration are few ( 2 ) ]... Is an arising consensus on the rural Economy is difficult to determine ex-ante the costs benefits! Positive for migrant men and women there are substantial obstacles to their realization determinants of bilateral trade does! Exception is the migration literature focused essentially on men since the work of Zolberg, Suhrke Ahuayo... Solution, but rather on the situation in immigration regions, but it is the migration experience for... Industrial production, as reflected in the case of sector-specific sticky wages W., & Poot! The theory of migration, migration streams and counter-streams using existing techniques analysis! We should strive signal a recent absence of major theoretical developments in studies... 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