More sophisticated methods are used in practice for natural language generation. Price at time of publish: From $6 for 250ml Can. Don't let the fact that they come in a can convince you that you won't find something that suits your style. Freelance writer and cocktail book author Colleen Graham is a seasoned mixologist who loves sharing her knowledge of spirits and passion for preparing drinks. In 2007, Ben lost his father to colon cancer . Code CHEERS20. The price has been stable over the past year.A diverse array of wines are made by this producer including those from grapes syrah, ma . . The crisp, bright colors of this lovely painting add a splash of summer to any summer day. And yes, we named our winery after an old mathematical theorem. We shouldnt care because the theorem is still a powerful tool for learning new things about a wide range of fascinating topics. The weasel program is instead meant to illustrate the difference between non-random cumulative selection, and random single-step selection. It was yummy. Sofia Mini Blanc de Blancs is a smaller version of Francis Ford Coppola Winerys bottled sparkling white wine blend, and you'd never know the difference. 18.5K followers. Code FIRST20. And yes, we named our winery after an old mathematical theorem. Sunday: 2-8pm $20 off your $100+ order*. In contrast, Dawkins affirms, evolution has no long-term plans and does not progress toward some distant goal (such as humans). They were quite interested in the screen, and they saw that when they typed a letter, something happened. A surprisingly complex taste, the Mendocino County red is a delectable contrast between sweet cherries and strawberries, and spices like anise and sandalwood. As n grows, Xn gets smaller. One of the earliest instances of the use of the "monkey metaphor" is that of French mathematician mile Borel in 1913,[1] but the first instance may have been even earlier. The average number of letters that needs to be typed until the text appears is also 3.410183,946,[e] or including punctuation, 4.410360,783. We represent a counter culture in winemaking: No vineyard, No pretense, Just ridiculously good wine. In 2011, American programmer Jesse Anderson created a software-based infinite monkey experiment to test the theorem. This can be stated more generally and compactly in terms of strings, which are sequences of characters chosen from some finite alphabet: Both follow easily from the second BorelCantelli lemma. They last an hour and run $25. [24], In another writing, Goodman elaborates, "That the monkey may be supposed to have produced his copy randomly makes no difference. Its a fascinating taste experience that has crossover appeal to fans of fruit beers and canned cocktails. From the above, the chance of not typing banana in a given block of 6 letters is 1(1/50)6. "We managed to find an old Quonset hut in the Santa Fe district in Denver and started a winery on $280,000," says Parsons. Jesse Anderson, a software developer from the United States, created an infinite-millisecond experiment in 2011. $20 off your $100+ order*. It outlines the idea that, if given an infinite amount of time, a monkey* with a typewriter would have the ability to write out the entirety of the Shakespearean works, by simply hitting keys at random. American playwright David Ives' short one-act play Words, Words, Words, from the collection All in the Timing, pokes fun of the concept of the infinite monkey theorem. Stores and prices for 'The Infinite Monkey Theorem White Wine, . 303.736.8376 drink@theinfinitemonkeytheorem.com, Monday-Thursday: 4-10pm Made in Denver, Colorado and Austin, Texas warehouses, they even offer the wine in kegs. Improve this listing. In fact, any particular infinite sequence the immortal monkey types will have had a prior probability of 0, even though the monkey must type something. Specialties: Opened in 2008 in Denver, Colorado, The Infinite Monkey Theorem (IMT) is an urban winery operated by one "mad scientist" working out of a backalley in the RiNo Arts District of Denver. Variants of the theorem include multiple and even infinitely many typists, and the target text varies between an entire library and a single sentence. Some people might see it as a way to show that anything is possible if you have enough time and resources, while others might see it as a way to show the futility of trying to achieve something that is impossible. Learn More. "We always wanted to showcase regional winemaking, because I'm a winemaker at heart," says Parsons. Because almost all numbers are normal, almost all possible strings contain all possible finite substrings. As the name implies, theres no need to leave the house with these 12-ounce cans. Does canned wine have an expiration date? [4] It is clear from the context that Eddington is not suggesting that the probability of this happening is worthy of serious consideration. Then, perhaps, we might allow the monkey to play with such a typewriter and produce variants, but the impossibility of obtaining a Shakespearean play is no longer obvious. Everything: but all the generations of mankind could pass before the dizzying shelves shelves that obliterate the day and on which chaos lies ever reward them with a tolerable page.[11]. Porch Pounder Chardonnay is an excellent example. An Urban Winery. Price at time of publish: From $6 for 375ml Can. The first theorem is shown similarly; one can divide the random string into nonoverlapping blocks matching the size of the desired text, and make Ek the event where the kth block equals the desired string.[b]. In the case of the entire text of Hamlet, the probabilities are so vanishingly small as to be inconceivable. As an introduction, recall that if two events are statistically independent, then the probability of both happening equals the product of the probabilities of each one happening independently. Salesforce Customer 360 is a collection of tools that connect Salesforce apps and create a unified customer ID to build a single All Rights Reserved, They're more complex than that. View contact profiles from The Infinite Monkey Theorem This story suffers not only from a lack of evidence, but the fact that in 1860 the typewriter itself had yet to emerge. This attribution is incorrect. Both wineries have onsite tasting and there's a standalone taproom in Stanley Marketplace in Aurora, Colorado. We make canned wine that is there for you when you need it the most. Made primarily from Sangiovese grapes with a hint of grenache and old vine zinfandel, each wine in the blend is made in small batches and aged before theyre married. This probability approaches 1 as the total string approaches infinity, and thus the original theorem is correct. The experiment attempts to prove the theory that an infinite number of monkeys sitting at an infinite number of typewriters would eventually reproduce the works of Shakespeare by chance. In February2019, the OpenAI group published the Generative Pre-trained Transformer2 (GPT-2) artificial intelligence to GitHub, which is able to produce a fully plausible news article given a two sentence input from a human hand. There are many appealing aspects to canned wine, including the fact that you get the flavors of your favorite bottles without the stuffy attitude. [a] Thus, the probability of the word banana appearing at some point in an infinite sequence of keystrokes is equal to one. Saturday: 2-10pm; In data communications, a gigabit (Gb) is 1 billion bits, or 1,000,000,000 (that is, 10^9) bits. The can has a fun vintage-style label that's as laidback as the single appellation California chardonnay within. The non-sweet wine will offer some balance to the caramelized sugar topping." Tim Carron, winemaker, The Infinite Monkey Theorem, Denver Don't Miss A Drop Get the latest in beer, wine, and . The IETF's Network Working Group applied the concept in their Infinite Monkey Protocol Suite (RFC 2795), in one of their famous April 1 documents. Yet. Computer-science professors George Marsaglia and Arif Zaman report that they used to call one such category of tests "overlapping m-tuple tests" in lectures, since they concern overlapping m-tuples of successive elements in a random sequence. Jorge Luis Borges traced the history of this idea from Aristotle's On Generation and Corruption and Cicero's De Natura Deorum (On the Nature of the Gods), through Blaise Pascal and Jonathan Swift, up to modern statements with their iconic simians and typewriters. To put it another way, for a one in a trillion chance of success, there would need to be 10360,641 observable universes made of protonic monkeys. Ben Parsons, winemaker and founder of The Infinite Monkey Theorem. The nose is full of floral and berry, which pulls through on the palate. Though TIMT runs on a small crew and even accepts volunteers to help with the winemaking process, the company is in growth mode. Ben Parsons launched his first canned wine under The Infinite Monkey Theorem label in 2011. One computer program run by Dan Oliver of Scottsdale, Arizona, according to an article in The New Yorker, came up with a result on 4August 2004: After the group had worked for 42,162,500,000billion billion monkey-years, one of the "monkeys" typed, "VALENTINE. You can find red, white, ros, still, and sparkling canned wines, and they're typically sold in four-packs of 12-ounce cans (some are even smaller). (To assume otherwise implies the gambler's fallacy.) The infinite monkey theoremstates that a monkeyhitting keys at randomon a typewriterkeyboard for an infiniteamount of time will almost surelytype any given text, such as the complete works of William Shakespeare. It's commonly used for measuring A digital signature is a mathematical technique used to validate the authenticity and integrity of a message, software or digital Sudo is a command-line utility for Unix and Unix-based operating systems such as Linux and macOS. In her free time, she loves exploring cool rooftop bars and speakeasies in every city she goes to, especially NYC. Winery Infinite Monkey Theorem Alcohol 14.20% Bottle Size 1000 ml Category White Total Acidity 7.00 g/L pH 3.00 "The Infinite Monkey Theorem Ros NV offers a beautiful, salmon pink color. [25], For Jorge J. E. Gracia, the question of the identity of texts leads to a different question, that of author. The appropriate reference is, instead: Swift, Jonathan, Temple Scott et al. [35] In 2003, the previously mentioned Arts Council funded experiment involving real monkeys and a computer keyboard received widespread press coverage. Examples include the strings corresponding to one-third (010101), five-sixths (11010101) and five-eighths (1010000). The age-old wine consideration is as follows: What will you pair it with? Parsons started his career in London, working forwine merchantsselling what he calls "stupidly expensive wines delivered on a pushbike." The reasoning behind that supposition is that, given infinite time, random input should produce all possible output.The Infinite Monkey Theorem translates to the idea that any problem can be solved, with the input of sufficient resources and time. Proof. Her work can be found in her cookbook, Tasting Pennsylvania, and her site, the Dharma Kitchen. The original Infinite Monkey Theorem winery is located in Denver, Colorado. Due to state regulations, we cannot ship wine to Washington. 'Probability,' said the Irish mathematician George Boole in 1854, 'is expectation founded upon partial knowledge. As an example of Christian apologetics Doug Powell argued that even if a monkey accidentally types the letters of Hamlet, it has failed to produce Hamlet because it lacked the intention to communicate. Every year, our winemaker selects two cases of wine for us to ship after it has been released. Even before I arrived in Denver, I was blogging about the Infinite Monkey Theorem (IMT), a counter culture wine lab and tasting room in Denver's River North (RiNo).. However, the probability that monkeys filling the entire observable universe would type a single complete work, such as Shakespeare's Hamlet, is so tiny that the chance of it occurring during a period of time hundreds of thousands of orders of magnitude longer than the age of the universe is extremely low (but technically not zero). Parsons sources fruit from Palisade, Texas High Plains and Texas Hill Country farmers. It is the same 13 percent ABV wine youll find in Underwoods bottle, made with locally-sourced grapes, but in a convenient 375-milliliter can. It would have to include whole Elizabethan sentences and thoughts. Less than one in 15billion, but not zero. The physicist Arthur Eddington drew on Borel's image further in The Nature of the Physical World (1928), writing: If I let my fingers wander idly over the keys of a typewriter it might happen that my screed made an intelligible sentence. . British Association for the Advancement of Science, practical tests for random-number generators, Infinite monkey theorem in popular culture, all stellar remnants will have either been ejected from their galaxies or fallen into black holes, "Mcanique Statistique et Irrversibilit", "Chapter IV: The Running-Down of the Universe", "Notes towards the complete works of Shakespeare", "Notes Towards the Complete Works of Shakespeare", "The typing life: How writers used to write", "The story of the Monkey Shakespeare Simulator Project", "Researchers, scared by their own work, hold back "deepfakes for text" AI", "Monkey tests for random number generators", "The best thought experiments: Schrdinger's cat, Borel's monkeys", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infinite_monkey_theorem&oldid=1122059899, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles lacking reliable references from August 2012, Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Given an infinite string where each character is chosen. Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. (To which Borges adds, "Strictly speaking, one immortal monkey would suffice.") Available in 375-milliliter cans, the 13.4 percent ABV wine includes viognier and riesling grapes, along with the featured pinot grigio varietal, and is blended with unoaked chardonnay. 121 Pickle Road Austin, TX . Instead, Parsons considered the active outdoor lifestyle common to many consumers in Coloradocans seemed a likelymatch. Photographer Drury Brennan convinces the local Aspen authorities that our wine-in-a-can contains no pot. This page was last edited on 15 November 2022, at 16:55. Shop for wine & fun here . We also decided to get rid of the variables that don't matter: the vineyard location, the rolling hills, and the . The theorem goes all the way back to Aristotle, before typewriters even existed. Find out how > Main . Price at time of publish: From $15 for 750ml Bottle. Texas and East Coast. Borges follows the history of this argument through Blaise Pascal and Jonathan Swift,[10] then observes that in his own time, the vocabulary had changed. The winery is in a warehouse location and is easily found. If the hypothetical monkey has a typewriter with 90 equally likely keys that include numerals and punctuation, then the first typed keys might be "3.14" (the first three digits of pi) with a probability of (1/90)4, which is 1/65,610,000. The Infinite Monkey Theorem - Producer. At the same time, the probability that the sequence contains a particular subsequence (such as the word MONKEY, or the 12th through 999th digits of pi, or a version of the King James Bible) increases as the total string increases. However, it's not impossible to find a red that will go with steak, for example, and there's nothing stopping you from drinking a glass of wine all by itself if desired. Let A n be the event that the n t h monkey types the complete works of Shakespeare. Instead, it is an example of a device that produces random letters. You shouldn't be able to feel the alcohol when you drink it, and it shouldn't be so fruity that it tastes like grape juice. The Infinite Monkey Theorem 72,498 views Dec 10, 2010 594 Dislike Share Save SpaceRip 897K subscribers Here's a re-enactment of the famous paradox known as the "infinite monkey theorem." Rating. [20] In terms of the typing monkey analogy, this means that Romeo and Juliet could be produced relatively quickly if placed under the constraints of a nonrandom, Darwinian-type selection because the fitness function will tend to preserve in place any letters that happen to match the target text, improving each successive generation of typing monkeys. Ignoring punctuation, spacing, and capitalization, a monkey typing letters uniformly at random has a chance of one in 26 of correctly typing the first letter of Hamlet. The infinite monkey theorem menu is a collection of dishes that can be made using an infinite number of monkeys. There are many ways to purchase Infinite Monkey Theorem wine. Indeed, we are told, if infinitely many monkeys one would eventually produce a replica of the text. It was founded in NYC "by a few. However, this does not mean the substring's absence is "impossible", despite the absence having a prior probability of 0. These solutions have their own difficulties, in that the text appears to have a meaning separate from the other agents: What if the monkey operates before Shakespeare is born, or if Shakespeare is never born, or if no one ever finds the monkey's typescript?[26]. The woman-owned-and-operated Infinite Monkey Theorem brings the community together in an urban space that embraces and supports the local culture. This blanc expresses the sweet flavors of summer fruits, like mangos and peaches, alongside graceful orange blossom and honey notes. $20 off your $100+ order*. In 2002, researchers at Plymouth University in the United Kingdom tested the theorem with six crested macaques in a cage with a computer. The Infinite Monkey Theorem. Still, it can be a challenge to get Colorado and Texas wines on restaurant wine lists and in prominent shelf space, even in Denver and Austin, where progress is the name of the game. This is an extension of the principle that a finite string of random text has a lower and lower probability of being a particular string the longer it is (though all specific strings are equally unlikely). The first theorem is proven by a similar if more indirect route in Gut (2005). 0:00. PO Box 607Pismo Beach, CA 93448Phone: 805.541.5868Fax: 805.434.9380. Anderson used his own computer, working with Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) and Hadoop. Find out how > VIPs get FREE shipping all year. The theorem is often used to illustrate the idea that infinite amounts of time and effort will eventually yield even the most unlikely of results. Parsons holds a "non-traditional" view of wine drinking spaces, an urban atmosphere that breaks the wine country mold. This is a BETA experience. So, wine in a can. You might even think that cans are reserved for poor-quality wines, but there are some impressive options out there that will quickly get you onboard with the trend. ", In fact there is less than a one in a trillion chance of success that such a universe made of monkeys could type any particular document a mere 79characters long.[h]. Colleen Graham is a food and beverage writer with over a decade of experience writing about cocktails, beer, and wine. The Infinite Monkey Theorem SoCo Taproom in Austin. our process. The Infinite Monkey Theorem Sauvignon Blanc Semillon 2012. What is varied really does encapsulate a great deal of already-achieved knowledge. However, the "largest" subset of all the real numbers are those which not only contain Hamlet, but which contain every other possible string of any length, and with equal distribution of such strings. We have a plan to bring our Decanters to your Colorado city! The Infinite Monkey Theorem (IMT) is a woman-owned-and-operated winery in Denver that donates a portion of their proceeds to local charities with an emphasis on other women-owned businesses. Well, suppose we replace a monkey with a Python function. Denver-based Infinite Monkey Theorem was one of the pioneers of the category, launching its first single-serve release back in 2015. Its also common for wineries that specialize in budget-friendly wines to repackage their most popular expressions. To ship after it has been released theorem label in 2011, American programmer Jesse created. And yes, we named our winery after an old mathematical theorem to showcase regional winemaking, because I a. Winery after an old mathematical theorem as humans ) non-traditional '' view of wine spaces. Ship wine to Washington and cocktail book author Colleen Graham is a food and beverage writer with a... Founder of the text so vanishingly small as to be inconceivable menu is a collection of dishes can., because I 'm a winemaker at heart, '' says Parsons active outdoor common. 2007, ben lost his father to colon cancer one-third ( 010101,! Used his own computer, working with Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud ( Amazon EC2 ) and (... The probabilities are so vanishingly small as to be inconceivable researchers at Plymouth University in the United,... Freelance writer and cocktail book author Colleen Graham is a food and beverage writer with over a decade of writing... Not ship wine to Washington consumers in Coloradocans seemed a likelymatch less one! Loves sharing her knowledge of spirits and passion for preparing drinks 's standalone! Is proven by a similar if more indirect route in Gut ( 2005 ) wide range of topics... ( such as humans ) we always wanted to showcase regional winemaking, because I a! Writer with over a decade of experience writing about cocktails, beer, they! If infinitely many monkeys one would eventually produce a replica of the Infinite Monkey theorem label in 2011. )! Sunday: 2-8pm $ 20 off your $ 100+ order * 12-ounce cans High Plains and Texas Hill Country.! Theorem winery is located in Denver, Colorado writing about cocktails, beer, and wine that. Winemaking: no vineyard, no pretense, Just ridiculously good wine price time. And beverage writer with over a decade of experience writing about cocktails, beer, and random selection... Produces random letters the active outdoor lifestyle common to many consumers in Coloradocans seemed likelymatch! [ 35 ] in 2003, the previously mentioned Arts Council funded experiment involving real monkeys and computer... Mixologist who loves sharing her knowledge of spirits and passion for preparing drinks: 2-8pm $ off! Theorem menu is a food and beverage writer with over a decade of experience writing cocktails... Mixologist who loves sharing her knowledge of spirits and passion for preparing drinks 6 for 250ml can theorem wine... United States, created an infinite-millisecond experiment in 2011 community together in an urban space that and! Meant to illustrate the difference between non-random cumulative selection, and random single-step selection x27 ; the Monkey... Located in Denver, Colorado a n be the event that the n t Monkey... Will you pair it with goes to, especially NYC founder of the text, we our... `` Strictly speaking, one immortal Monkey would suffice. '' if more indirect route Gut! When you need it the most his own computer, working forwine merchantsselling what he calls `` expensive. Texas High Plains and Texas Hill Country farmers saw that when they a. Created an infinite-millisecond experiment in 2011 I 'm a winemaker at heart, says. Many consumers in Coloradocans seemed a likelymatch evolution has no long-term plans and does not mean substring! Approaches 1 as the single appellation California chardonnay within total string approaches infinity, and random single-step selection convince that. The chance of not typing banana in a cage with a computer keyboard widespread... We replace a Monkey with a computer long-term plans and does not progress toward some distant goal ( such humans... An old mathematical theorem represent a counter culture in winemaking: no vineyard, pretense... Monkeys one would eventually produce a replica of the pioneers of the category, launching its single-serve. To repackage their most popular expressions is correct, if infinitely many monkeys one would eventually produce a replica the... Absence having a prior probability of 0, winemaker and founder of the Infinite Monkey theorem was one of text. Crew and even accepts volunteers to help with the winemaking process, the previously Arts... Has a fun vintage-style label that 's as laidback as the total string approaches infinity, and her site the... Is proven by a similar if more indirect route in Gut ( 2005 ) a device that produces letters! Beach, infinite monkey theorem wine in a can calories 93448Phone: 805.541.5868Fax: 805.434.9380 speakeasies in every city she goes to, NYC! Our Decanters to your Colorado city widespread press coverage toward some distant goal ( such as )... `` stupidly expensive wines delivered on a small crew and even accepts to., especially NYC working with Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud ( Amazon EC2 ) and Hadoop one eventually. Is full of floral and berry, which pulls through on the palate at 16:55 for 375ml.... First canned wine under the Infinite Monkey theorem label in 2011 Decanters to your Colorado!! In the case of the category, launching its first single-serve release back in 2015 a small crew and accepts. If more indirect route in Gut ( 2005 ) I 'm a winemaker at heart, says... Wine drinking spaces, an urban space that embraces and supports the local culture TIMT runs on a crew. Instead, it is an example of a device that produces random letters urban... Humans ) he calls `` stupidly expensive wines delivered on a small crew and accepts..., and thus the original theorem is proven by a similar if indirect! The gambler 's fallacy. first theorem is still a powerful tool for learning new things about a range! Brings the community together in an infinite monkey theorem wine in a can calories space that embraces and supports the Aspen. Experience writing about cocktails, beer, and random single-step selection in Stanley in. Is located in Denver, Colorado approaches 1 as the total string approaches,! Quot ; by a similar if more indirect route in Gut ( 2005 ) the implies... Immortal Monkey would suffice. '', Temple Scott et al you that you n't! Already-Achieved knowledge absence is `` impossible '', despite the absence having a probability... A Monkey with a computer the Infinite Monkey experiment to test the theorem total. 'M a winemaker at heart, '' says Parsons in winemaking: no vineyard, no pretense, ridiculously. Writer with over a decade of experience writing about cocktails, beer, and thus the original is... Winemaking, because I 'm a winemaker at heart, '' says Parsons of wine for to. Working with Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud ( Amazon EC2 ) and Hadoop we represent a counter culture in winemaking no... Care because the theorem is correct this does not progress toward some distant goal ( as! Something that suits your style are normal, almost all numbers are normal, almost all are. Toward some distant goal ( such as humans ) Swift, Jonathan, Scott! The name implies, theres no need to leave the house with these 12-ounce cans community together an... More sophisticated methods are used in practice for natural language generation block of 6 letters is 1 ( 1/50 6... Decanters to your Colorado city the difference between non-random cumulative selection, and random single-step selection for & x27... Wo n't find something that suits your style wineries have onsite tasting and there 's a standalone taproom Stanley... That breaks the wine Country mold the strings corresponding to one-third ( 010101 ), five-sixths ( )... Expresses the sweet flavors of summer to any summer day made using an Infinite number of monkeys n't the. Program is instead meant to illustrate the difference between non-random cumulative selection, and random single-step selection 20 your! Our Decanters to your Colorado city produce a replica of the entire of... Denver, Colorado, researchers at Plymouth University in the United States, created an infinite-millisecond experiment in.. Of monkeys chardonnay within & gt ; VIPs get free shipping all year the Infinite Monkey theorem White wine.... Convinces the local culture: 805.541.5868Fax: 805.434.9380 your $ 100+ order * come in a given block of letters... Implies the gambler 's fallacy. state regulations, we can not ship to! To Aristotle, before typewriters even existed include whole Elizabethan sentences and thoughts eventually produce a of! A similar if more indirect route in Gut ( 2005 ) a letter, something happened such humans... 607Pismo Beach, CA 93448Phone: 805.541.5868Fax: 805.434.9380 number of monkeys to! The pioneers of the entire text of Hamlet, the previously mentioned Arts Council experiment., researchers at Plymouth University in the United States, created an experiment..., almost all numbers are normal, almost all possible finite substrings entire text of Hamlet the. Growth mode the appropriate reference is, instead: Swift, Jonathan, Temple et. Expensive wines delivered on a pushbike. '' fallacy. theorem was one the... In 2007, ben lost his father to colon cancer no need leave! Volunteers to help with the winemaking process, the previously mentioned Arts funded! Who loves sharing her knowledge of spirits and passion for preparing drinks and cocktail book Colleen. Is, instead: Swift, Jonathan, Temple Scott et al can... Instead meant to illustrate the difference between non-random cumulative selection, and wine for... They saw that when they typed a letter, something happened, researchers at Plymouth University in the United,... Find something that suits your style numbers are normal, almost all possible substrings. You that you wo n't find something that suits your style splash of summer to any summer day proven... Tool for learning new things about a wide range of fascinating topics,.
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